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Everything you would ever want to know about these plants is here.

Important Information

Toxicodendron radicans, commonly known as eastern poison ivy or poison ivy, is a poisonous Asian and North American flowering plant that is well-known for causing Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, an itchy, irritating, and sometimes painful rash in most people who touch it. It is caused by urushiol, a clear liquid compound in the plant’s sap. The species is variable in its appearance and habit, and despite its common name it is not a true ivy (Hedera), but rather a member of the cashew and almond family. Toxicodendron radicans is commonly eaten by many animals, and the seeds are consumed by birds, but poison ivy is most often thought of as an unwelcome weed.

Three “almond” shaped leaves

The deciduous leaves of T. radicans are trifoliate with three almond-shaped leaflets. Leaf color ranges from light green (usually the younger leaves) to dark green (mature leaves), turning bright red in fall; though other sources say leaves are reddish when expanding, turn green through maturity, then back to red, orange, or yellow in the fall. The leaflets of mature leaves are somewhat shiny. The leaflets are 3–12 cm (1.2–4.7 in) long, rarely up to 30 cm (12 in). Each leaflet has a few or no teeth along its edge, and the leaf surface is smooth. Leaflet clusters are alternate on the vine, and the plant has no thorns. Vines growing on the trunk of a tree become firmly attached through numerous aerial rootlets. The vines develop adventitious roots, or the plant can spread from rhizomes or root crowns. The milky sap of poison ivy darkens after exposure to the air.

The urushiol compound in poison ivy is not a defensive measure; rather, it helps the plant to retain water. It is frequently eaten by animals such as deer and bears.

Toxicodendron radicans spreads either vegetatively or sexually. It is dioecious; flowering occurs from May to July. The yellowish- or greenish-white flowers are typically inconspicuous and are located in clusters up to 8 cm (3.1 in) above the leaves. The berry-like fruit, a drupe, mature by August to November with a grayish-white colour. Fruits are a favorite winter food of some birds and other animals. Seeds are spread mainly by animals and remain viable after passing through the digestive tract.

Click here to get a free copy of the Matthew Bible Study Guide I have just completed with the Adult Sunday School class. Feel free to distribute as you deem necessary.

Here is the introductory text.

INTRODUCTION

Written in a polished Semitic “synagogue Greek”, the author draws on three main sources: 1. the Gospel of Mark, 2. the hypothetical collection of sayings known as the “Q source”, and 3. the material unique to his own community, called the “M source” or “Special Matthew”.

The divine nature of Jesus was a major issue for the Matthaean community in the early Christian community. It is the crucial component in distinguishing them from their Jewish neighbors. While Mark begins with baptism and transfiguration, Matthew goes back further, showing Jesus as the Son of God from his birth, and emphasizing the fulfillment of Old Testament messianic prophecies (1:22; 2:15,23; 4:14;5:17; 8:17; 12:17; 13:14,35; 21:4; 27:9). The title, Son of David, identifies Jesus as the healing and miracle-working Messiah of Israel (it is used exclusively in relation to miracles). As Son of Man he will return to judge the world, a fact his disciples recognize but of which his enemies are unaware. As Son of God, he is God revealing himself through his son, and Jesus proving his divinity through his obedience and example.

The gospel reflects the struggles and conflicts between the evangelist’s community and the other Jews, particularly with its rather severe criticism of the Scribes and Pharisees. Prior to the Crucifixion the Jews are called Israelites, the honorific title of God’s chosen people; after it, they are called Jews, a sign that through their rejection of the Christ the “Kingdom of Heaven” has been taken away from them and given instead to the Christian Church.

AUTHOR

The book of Matthew entered the Christian canon of the New Testament because it was considered to have apostolic authority. In other words, the apostles or those near to the apostles agreed that the book was authoritative. This in and of itself does not prove that Matthew wrote the book. A large number of liberal scholars and a smaller number of conservative scholars say it is not likely he wrote the book. However, many others are more or less convinced he did. Without the manuscript (actual original) of the gospel, we will have to be content with knowing that tradition tells us that the Apostle Matthew wrote the gospel. And what is sufficient to know is that the Gospel of Matthew was accepted by the church in the first century as authoritative and inspired.

DATE WRITTEN

The most widely accepted theory is that both Matthew and Luke used Mark as a source. Matthew even reproduced about ninety percent of Mark, while Luke reproduced about sixty percent. Without going into much detail on the dating of Mark’s Gospel, it was probably written somewhere between AD 50 and AD 55. Consequently, Matthew’s Gospel could have reasonably been written anywhere between AD 55 and AD 60. This date allows time for Matthew to have access to Mark’s Gospel, and suggests that he completed the Gospel before the destruction of the temple in AD 70. It would seem strange for the author not to mention this event in light of chapter 24:1-2. This dating also allows time for Luke to use Matthew’s Gospel in composing his own Gospel, as well as its sequel, the book of Acts.